Cultural Landmarks in Jerusalem
Odds-and-Ends
Dervish: a member of a Muslim (specifically Sufi) religious order who has taken vows of poverty and austerity. Dervishes first appeared in the 12th century; they were noted for their wild or ecstatic rituals and were known as dancing, whirling, or howling dervishes according to the practice of their order.
Named geographical areas/cities in Nathan the Wise: Gath, Babylon, Acre, Lebanon, Gaza, Jericho, Darun, Ascalon, Mount Sinai, Mount Tabor, Euphrates River, Tigris River, Jordan River 1 dinar = 1,000 fils The gold dinar was in use during the 12th century, and looked something like what you see to the right; it was solid gold and weighed about 4.5 grams. Corresponded to the Byzantine denarius auri, a similar coin. When Pope Urban sent the Crusaders to capture Jerusalem, they exiled the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch, and put in place Latin Patriarch until 1187, after which an Eastern Orthodox Patriarch returned to Jerusalem. However, it appears that our Patriarch (@John Turner) is Catholic, as he is coordinating the pilgrims and food rations in Jerusalem and conspiring against Saladin. He also mentions that he is commanded by "papal law," which means he answers first and foremost to the Pope of Rome. The Patriarch's role in the Holy Sepulchre would have been one The Islamic World in the Middle Ageshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zx9xsbk/revision/1 Goooooo to the websiteeeee Im 2 lazy 2 do a spark notes version 4 uuuu THIS THIS THIS
K so in the Middle Ages in the Middle East, there was this secret underground army of criminals (mainly thieves) and they would carry turtles around in their pockets so that when they broke into rich peoples' houses they could send the turtle in first to scope out the scene.... check it out http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/islams-medieval-underworld-15821520/?no-ist |
Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Jerusalem There were (and are) four quarters of Jerusalem: The Jewish Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Armenian Quarter, and the Muslim Quarter. The Christian and Armenian quarters were more or less joined together, as they were both Christians, though Eastern Orthodox and Catholics lived in the same quarter.
Why is that? Well, when the Knights Templar took Jerusalem in 1099 during the first crusade, a lot of folks died--namely, a lot of Jews and a lot of Muslims. The Fulcher of Chartres, who led crusades in the state of Edessa, wrote, "In this temple 10,000 were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared" (source books, Fordham University). Jews had actually fought side by side Muslims to defend the city. According to a written chronicle by Ibn Al-Qalanisi (a Muslim politician from Damascus during the crusades), "the Jews assembled in their synagogue, and the Franks burned it over their heads." So, yeah. Rough time. You can imagine that Saladin and his family were, on some level, seeking revenge for what had happened 100 years prior to the Muslim invasion in 1187. Despite this, Saladin was incredibly tolerant of both Christians and Jews. He ordered all of the Crusader militants out of the city, and allowed the released of their families as well. He resettled a sizable portion of the Jewish community in Jerusalem as well. So, what about the Christians? When the crusaders took control of Jerusalem in 1099, they killed most of the inhabitants. Despite the violence, some Western European Catholics (such as Daya) were still making the pilgrimage to Palestine. In the mid-12th century, King Baldwin I allowed Eastern Christians living in Transjordan (an area just east of Israel) to re-settle in Jerusalem. As a result, in the year 1192, there were not only Catholic pilgrims living in Jerusalem (made possible by Saladin's treaty with King Richard the Lionheart), but also Eastern Christians and re-settled Jews. Arts of the Islamic World https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/islamic-art-medieval/a/arts-of-the-islamic-world-the-medieval-period Check it outttttt The History Channel on Catholicism in the Middle Ages After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution of the medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church. In 800 CE, for example, Pope Leo III named the Frankish king Charlemagne the “Emperor of the Romans”–the first since that empire’s fall more than 300 years before. Over time, Charlemagne’s realm became the Holy Roman Empire, one of several political entities in Europe whose interests tended to align with those of the Church. Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10 percent of their earnings each year to the Church; at the same time, the Church was mostly exempt from taxation. These policies helped it to amass a great deal of money and power. The "feudal system" was in place during the Middle Ages, and most everybody in Europe could be divided into one of three categories: Those who fight, those who pray, and those who work. However, this particular system was being gradually dismantled by the instillation of the Middle Class in Europe. So, life in the Middle East during the 12th century was considerably more advanced than in Western Europe (check out the Islamic World in the Middle Ages link). So what, then, did it mean to be a Western European pilgrim traveling to Jerusalem? What did it mean to be a woman traveller in the 12th century? DAYA (babe) check out this websittteeee i found it 4 uuuuuu: http://www.achahistory.org/2010/06/whose-rules-medieval-women-and-pilgrimage/ |